Renal cyst: simple or complex?
The diagnosis of a simple benign renal cyst on ultrasound requires the presence of all the following findings: a well-defined, roundish, anechoic structure, imperceptible near wall and thin echogenic far […]
Mirror image artefact
This is one of the commonest artefacts encountered in NephroPOCUS. It is generated by the false assumption that an echo returns to the transducer after a single reflection. In this […]
PLAX view: Orientation
The parasternal long axis view or the PLAX is obtained by placing the transducer to the left of the sternum in 3rd or 4th intercostal space with the orientation marker […]
Hepatic Hemangioma
Following images demonstrate hepatic hemangioma incidentally found while imaging the kidney. On ultrasound, hepatic hemangiomas appear as well-defined, hyperechoic, homogeneous lesions. Some of them may have posterior acoustic enhancement. The […]
Focus on FoCUS: The 4 basic views of the heart
FoCUS = Focused Cardiac Ultrasound FoCUS consists of 4 basic views of the heart namely parasternal long- and short-axis views, the apical 4-chamber view, and the subxiphoid view, as described […]
Medullary nephrocalcinosis
Nephrocalcinosis: by default, we apply this term to ‘medullary’ calcification (= medullary nephrocalcinosis), though it can occur in renal cortex (e.g. in renal cortical necrosis of pregnancy or chronic active […]
Accessory Spleen
Accessory spleen or a splenule is a congenital focus of healthy splenic tissue, that is separate from the main body of the spleen. The reported incidence is as high as […]
B-lines in the lung: numbers to remember and scanning Zones
In routine clinical practice, 4 standard sonographic lung zones are evaluated on each side delineated using the parasternal line, anterior and posterior axillary lines and a horizontal line about the […]
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is relatively a common genetic disorder, occurring in approximately 1 in every 400 – 1000 live births. It is generally an adult-onset, multisystem disorder […]
Bladder ultrasound: calculation of volume
It is crucial to take a look at the urinary bladder when performing kidney POCUS, especially in patients with a dilated collecting system or recurrent urinary tract infections, especially in […]