In the previously posted videos and articles, we talked about the normal Doppler patterns of major abdominal veins used for VExUS grading and how they transition with increasing right atrial pressure. Here are some flashcards depicting the same.

Hepatic vein waveform. If you need a refresher on the wave genesis, watch this 1-minute slideshow.

Renal parenchymal vein

VExUS card with moving waveforms:

eVExUS or the extended VExUS

Below: Modified VExUS incorporating femoral vein Doppler (based on Joyal et al., PMID: 41931445). This approach essentially replaces intrarenal Doppler with the femoral vein stasis index and introduces a few additional modifications, including incorporation of IVC collapsibility and defining severe hepatic vein abnormality as either S-wave absence (i.e., S/D = 0) or S-wave reversal (i.e., S/D <0).

A gentle reminder: